Advantages of steel structures 

1. High strength resulting in the reduction     of dead weight. 

2. Speedy construction is possible in the      case of steel structures, where as R.C.        structures can be constructed only              stage by stage 

3. Dismantling and reuse of steel                   structures will be possible where as it         not possible in the case of  R.C.    structures. 

4. They are more economical that concrete structures for tall buildings. 

5. The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time .

6. Steel members occupy less space than R.C. members. 

7. They are gas and water tight due to high density of steel.   

8. Steel  is a ductile material. 

      Disadvantages of steel structures 

1. They are susceptibility to corrosion. 

2. They losses its strength at high temperature. 

3. Steel members are costly. 

4. Steel elements can not be made to any desired size or shape as in the case of R.C. elements. 

5. They required skilled labour for erection.

6. It required electricity for fabrication and erection of members. 

7. They are susceptibility to buckling, fatigue fracture and brittle fracture. 

1. The philosophy of the limit state method of design represents a definite advancement over the traditional design philosophies.

2. The Limit state method philosophy usea a multiple safety factor format that to provide adequate safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at service loads, by considering all possible limit states.

3.In the limit state design method,  the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all roads likely to act on it through out its life.

4. Limit state design method is to provide technologically sound method which results in significant economy in design of structures. 

1. The yielding of a critical fibre of cross-section is a measure to estimate the capacity of a structure in elastic condition. 

2. The section naturally resists more design action such as bending/axial force / shear.

3. Uncertainties in estimation of load, imperfection in materials,  imperfection in geometry members,  effect of residual stress, etc..,are considered in one factors therefore the factor of safety in WSM.

The importance of design or design consideration are as follows:-

1. ISMB sections have relatively narrow and sloping flanges and a thick web compared to wide-flange sections (ISWB).

2. ISMB beam are not economical, which used for compression members,because of excessive material in the web and the lack of lateral stiffness due to the narrow flanges.

3. Wide-flange beams provides excellent sectional performance, with high bending and buckling resistance due to H-shaped arrangement of flanges and the web.

4. H-beam can be readily but welded,  and     a sound welding is assured. 

Steel sections of standard size,shapes, and length are rolled in steel mills. These are also called the indian standard sections if they are produced as per their standard dimensions.sectional properties like sections modulus, moments of inertia and radius of gyrations depend on the distribution of steel between the flange and web for given depth of the sections. 

The properties of steel required for engineering design may be classified as 

A . Physical properties 

B . Mechanical properties 

A . Physical properties:-                                                          The Physical properties of steel are function of its  metallurgy and manufacturing process. Some of important physical properties of structure steel are listed below                                       SI.NO.   Physical properties      Magnitude    1.       Modulus of elasticity       2×10^5                                   (E)                             mpa

 2.   Modulus of Rigidity          0.769 × 10^5                      (R)                                    mpa

 3.   Poisson's Ratio           0.3-Elastic range                                                0.5 plastic range 

 4. Density or unit mass         7850 kg/m^3              of steel (Raw)   

 5. Coefficient of thermal          12× 10^-6/                  expansion                  degree celsus

  B. Mechanical properties:-                                         The  alloys and the heat treatment  used in the production of steel results in having different properties and strength. The mechanical properties are listen  as follows. 

  1.     Tensile  strength                                      2.     Hardness                                                   3.      Notch Toughness                               4.      Corrosion  Resistance                            5.        Fatigue strength 

The prime characteristics of mild steel are it's ductility and tenacity. Ductility is the property by which a material when stressed can be drawn in wire of the smallest diameter. 

Function overloading is possible in C++ and Java but only if the functions must differ from each other by the types and the number of arguments in the argument list. However, functions can not be overloaded if they differ only in the return type. 

The return type of a function has no effect on function overloading, therefore the same function signature with different return type will not be overloaded.

Example: if there are two functions: int sum() and float sum(), these two will generate a compile-time error as function overloading is not possible here.